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Chemist who fermented acetone for the war — and became Israel’s first president.

Physicist who led Los Alamos and then argued for a grown-up nuclear policy.

Physicist who imagined the nuclear chain reaction — and then tried to govern it.

Physicist who explained nuclear fission and refused to build a bomb.

Physical chemist whose X-ray images made the double helix visible.

Sanitary engineer who helped make municipal water chlorination standard.

Physicist who pushed the hydrogen bomb from idea to device.

Physicist who showed how symmetry governs the quantum world.

Endocrinologist who helped create the oral contraceptive pill.

Physicist who, with Lise Meitner, named and explained nuclear fission.

Physicist whose Frisch–Peierls memorandum showed a uranium bomb was possible.

Mathematician who helped invent the Monte Carlo method and the Teller–Ulam design.